阿莱桑德雷
作者简介
（Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo、1898年4月26日-1984年12月14日） 西班牙 诗人，1977年 诺贝尔文学奖获得者。阿莱桑德雷曾被认为是一个 存在主义者，一个 神秘主义 泛神论者和一个新 浪漫主义者。（新 浪漫主义：19世纪末20世纪初在欧洲兴起的一种文艺思潮）虽然阿莱桑德雷本人并未将自己视为保守的 超现实主义者，但在他的诗中可以看到其受弗洛伊德主义的影响——下意识联想和梦臆般的意象。，孤独，时间和死亡是阿莱桑德雷作品的主题。
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1977年获奖演说
??“ 诗人，一个真正意义上的诗人，始终是一个启示者。从本质上来说，他是预言家，是先知。然而他的预言当然不是一种关于u2018未来u2019的预言，它可能与u2018过去u2019相关：它是一种超越时空的预言。 诗人——照明者，光的瞄手，人类的儆戒者。 诗人是一颗芝麻的拥有者，从某种神秘的意义上，可以说，就是关于他自身命运的文字的拥有者。”（摘自1977年的获奖演说）
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人物生平
童年的家庭
??阿莱桑德雷·文森特，生于 塞维利亚。其父是一名 土木工程师，其母是一位地方军事指挥官的女儿。在他还是孩童时，全家迁往了马拉加（ 西班牙南部一个生产葡萄的城镇）， 诗人在那里渐渐长大并随后在自己的诗中描绘了那里明媚如画的景致。1909年，阿莱桑德雷一家迁往马德里，他随之进入了Teresiano高等学校，1913年他从那里获得了自己的高中文凭。第二年， 诗人进入马德里大学学习法律，1920年毕业后成为马德里工商管理学院的助理教授。随后他又为 安达卢西亚铁路公司工作并写诗以自娱。
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孤独与病魔缠身
??1922年以后，阿莱桑德雷的健康开始出现严重的问题，几年之内他变成了半残废。他隐退回到父亲在乡间的一所宅第，并开始全身心投入写作。“孤独与冥思赋予我一种洞见，一种我从未放弃的观念：与其余人类的团结。”由于内向孤僻加之疾病缠身，阿莱桑德雷一直秘密地写作。直到1926年，他的第一份诗稿才由他的朋友们发表在《欧美评论》杂志上。
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??次年，阿莱桑德雷迁入马德里北部郊区的一栋小别墅，他在那里渡过了余生。
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崭露头角
??阿莱桑德雷早期的作品是在鲁文·达里奥，安东尼奥·马查多，以及乌纳穆诺，希梅内斯的影响下写就的。1928年 诗人在《轮廓》（ÁMBITO）中崭露头脚，初次显示了自己的风格，那是一部关于自然与爱的水晶般的诗集。在此前后，阿莱桑德雷开始阅读西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的作品，在诗集《大地之恋》（PASIÓN DE LA TIERRA 1935）中其对 诗人的影响可见一斑。里面的诗歌被有意识地安排成一系列次序，它们欲要探究一个所有真实之物都碎裂其中的世界。《毁灭或爱情》（LA DESTRUCTIÓN O EL AMOR 1935）关注与死亡，它堪称阿莱桑德雷诗歌作品中的杰作，也是整个20世纪 西班牙诗歌中最具影响力的作品之一。用 诗人自己的话说，这些早期诗集关注的中心是：“宇宙那充满爱意的统一”。
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西班牙内战期间
??1933年阿莱桑德雷（凭借诗集《毁灭或爱情》）赢得西班牙国家文学奖。像 西班牙历史上其他“27一代”的主要成员（加西亚·洛尔迦，阿尔贝蒂，聂鲁达，乌纳穆诺，萨里纳斯纪廉）一样，阿莱桑德雷走进了20世纪30年代那个属于个 超现实主义的时期。 西班牙内战期间，阿莱桑德雷居住在共和军的辖区内。他的作品被禁，他的房屋也在战争临近结束时被摧毁。绝大多数“27一代”的代表人物都已离开 西班牙，然而阿莱桑德雷却因为从年轻时就开始折磨他的慢性肾病留在了马德里。
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天堂的影子
??由于从不向弗朗哥政权屈服和众所周知的政治独立性，阿莱桑德雷的作品在一段时期内被禁之出版。禁令解除之后，他出版了一些诗集。第一部《天堂的影子》（SOMBRA DEL PARAÍSO
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??1944），当中的痛苦与欢乐交杂着怀旧乡愁。
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??“是的， 诗人，爱与忧伤正是你的国度
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??你之所有，便是那精神而成的必死肉身
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??在黑夜中闪闪发亮或在巨大的明月上站立
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??漫无边际的预言之舌正在天空中舔食
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??启蒙的语词将死亡带给人类。”
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?? （摘自《 诗人》）
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??在阿桑德雷晚期的作品中，《同一的世界》（MUNDO A SOLAS）早在20世纪30年代就已写成，但却迟至1950年才得以出版。《心的历史》（HISTORIA DEL CORAZÓN 1954）集中关注人类的团结。《在一个辽阔的领域里》（EN UN VASTO DOMINIO 1962），阿莱桑德雷将死亡的主题结合在一个宇宙的，历史的框架中。 在实验性的《知识的对话》中，有两个相互对抗的人。其中一位总是谈论希望和奋斗，而另一位则谈论哀伤和弃绝。阿莱桑德雷叩问：真理在哪里？谁人能触及它？
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??阿莱桑德雷终身未婚，1950年 诗人当选为皇家语言学院院士。他分别在1963，1969和1975年获得“批评家大奖”。阿莱桑德雷由于太虚弱而不能亲临诺贝尔颁奖典礼，由他的挚友—— 诗人，翻译家Justo Jorge Padron代为出席。1984年12月14日，阿莱桑德雷在 马德里逝世。
英文介绍
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??Spanish poet, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1977. Aleixandre has been called an existentialist, a mystic pantheist, and a neoromantic. Although Aleixandre did not consider himself an orthodox surrealist, the influence of Freudianism, subconscious associations and dreamlike images, can been seen in his poems. Central motifs in Aleixandre’s works are erotic love, solitary, time, and death.
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??"The poet, the truly determinative poet, is always a revealer; he is, essentially, a seer, a prophet. But his "prophecy" is of course not a prophecy about the future; for it may have to do with the past: it is a prophecy without time. Illuminator, aimer of light, chastiser of mankind, the poet is the possessor of a Sesame which in a mysterious way is, so to speak, the word of his destiny." (from Nobel Lecture, 1977)
??Vicente Aleixandre was born in Seville. His father was a civil engineer and mother the daughter of the district military superintendent. The family moved in his childhood to Málaga, where he grew up and later depicted its sunny landscape in his poems. When the family moved to Madrid in 1909, Aleixandre attended the Colegio Teresiano, from which he received his high school diploma in 1913. The following year he entered the University of Madrid, where he studied law. Upon graduation in 1920, he became an assistant professor at the School of Mercantile Management in Madrid. He then worked for the Andalusian Railways, and wrote poetry for his own pleasure.
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??After 1922 Aleixandre started to have serious problems with his health. In a few years he became semi-invalid. He retired to his father’s house in the countryside and devoted himself entirely to writing. "Solitude and meditation gave me an awareness, a perspective which I have never lost: that of solidarity with the rest of mankind." Withdrawn and in delicate health, Aleixandre wrote secretly until his first poems were published by friends in 1926 in the magazine Revista de Occidente. Next year Aleixandre moved into a small villa on the northern outskirts of Madrid, where he spent the rest of his life.
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??Aleixandre’s early works were written under the influence of Darío, Antonio Machado, and Juan Ramón Jiménez. In 1928 he made his debut with ÁMBITO, a crystalline collection of poems of nature and love. Around this time Alexaindre started to read the works of Sigmund Freud, whose influence is seen in the collection PASIÓN DE LA TIERRA (1935). The poems are arranged in a series of sequences and explore a world in which real things disintegrate. LA DESTRUCTIÓN O EL AMOR (1935) was about erotic love and death - it is considered Aleixandre’s poetic masterpiece and one of the most intense works of all 20th-century Hispanic poetry. In these early collections the central vision was, in the author’s words, "the amorous unity of the universe".
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??In 1933 Aleixandre won the Premio Nacional de literatura. Like others of the Generación del 27 (Generation of 1927) in Spain (Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Luis Cernuda, Pedro Salinas, Jorge Guillén), Aleixandre went through a surrealistic period in the 1930s. During the Spanish Civil War Aleixandre lived in the Republican zone. His works were banned and his house was destroyed near the end of the war. Most of the central figures of the Generation of 1927 had left Spain, but Aleixandre stayed in Madrid due of a chronic kidney disease, from which he had suffered from his youth.
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??Never submitting to Franco’s regime, and known for his political indepencence, Aleixandre was not allowed to publish his works for some time. After the ban was lifted, he published several collections of poems. The first was SOMBRA DEL PARAÍSO (1944), in which pleasure and pain are mixed with nostalgia. "Yes, poet, love and grief are your kingdom. / Yours is mortal flesh that quickened by the spirit / blazes in the night or rises up at mighty noon, / immense prophetic tongue that licking at the sky / illumines